Untangling the Hard Problem of Consciousness
By Todd L. Duncan
A feeling of alienation is a common reaction to modern scientific descriptions of the cosmos. As journalist Bryan Appleyard expresses it, “On the maps provided by science, we find everything except ourselves.” (1992) At the core of this reaction is the discrepancy between the inner world of our awareness and the outer world of our objective scientific description of reality. This disconnect between two dominant aspects of our experience is a significant hurdle on the path toward what Weislogel calls a “whole story of the whole cosmos for the whole person.” (2007) Thus a key step along the path toward wholeness is to find a comfortable home for our inner world of subjective experience within the framework of a scientific map of physical reality.
This challenge is often referred to as the “hard problem” of consciousness: How can it be that subjective experience arises from physical processes in the brain? Why is it that certain physical brain states are accompanied by the experience that there is “something it is like” to be in those states? (Nagel, 1974) After all, subjective experience seems extraneous to the physical description, and most physical states (rocks, ice, pencils, cell phones, etc.) are apparently not accompanied by such experiences. My aim here is to describe a way to untangle the difficulty by clarifying the origin of the problem. Using the framework suggested by Harrison (2003), I argue that the hard problem is a byproduct of the models we create to describe different aspects of the universe we experience. The aspects we label with the category “physical processes” or “physical reality”—including physical brain processes—constitute a model that captures some aspects of the deeper underlying reality very well, but ignores other aspects of reality. Similarly, those aspects we label as “subjective experience” or “consciousness” also provide only an incomplete description of the underlying reality. In a vague sense we are certainly aware that each category is only an incomplete model, but in an immediate sense it’s easy to forget this basic fact and find ourselves tangled in confusion as a result. When we view the hard problem from this perspective, our earlier phrasing is revealed as misleading. Subjective experience does not arise (in a derivative sense) from physical processes in the brain. In fact it would make no sense if experience did arise from physical processes, because physical processes constitute a model of reality that specifically focuses on the functional aspects and filters out and excludes the aspects of reality that constitute conscious experience. Rather, subjective experience arises as part of the deeper substrate of reality that also produces the aspects we model and describe as “physical” processes in the brain. The incompatibility of our constructed categories need not imply an incompatibility in the underlying reality these categories were invented to partially describe. The rest of this paper is devoted to clarifying and solidifying this essential point.
Models and Reality
One way to see that the problem is created by the particular categories we use to describe reality is simply to note that the problem does not exist without the categories. Imagine awakening to experience the world from a pre-scientific perspective. This must have been the case for many thoughtful humans prior to the last few hundred years, and even for many people today who are not absorbed in the scientific world view. From this perspective, the most obvious fact of your experience is the awareness that there is “something it is like” to be you. Subjective awareness is such a dominant feature of your experience with the world that there is no question it is real, and no problem of trying to “explain” it. It just is.
What happened to transform such an obvious feature of our experience into a puzzle that seems so intractable we’re willing to consider explaining it away and describing awareness as an illusion? Vastly oversimplified, one might summarize the historical story something like this: Making use of our consciousness, we learned to notice patterns in our surroundings, and codified these patterns as laws of nature to form a model that we now call “physical reality.” This model is tremendously powerful for explaining and organizing a vast range of our experience. As a result, it’s easy to become so absorbed in that part of the universe (the functional model which is the physical universe) that we start to equate the model to all of reality, and find ourselves alienated from the real universe we started with. This makes sense as a natural progression of our developing understanding. It was probably necessary to focus in this way in order to make progress. And in many situations, we can safely ignore the fact that our model is not identical with reality. But one obvious limitation to a model is that it does not contain the model-maker within it. So a puzzle like the hard problem of consciousness is just the sort of situation where we cannot safely ignore the limitations of a model—particularly a model specifically designed to focus on the objective, functional aspects of reality and ignore those subjective aspects related to experience! Why should we be surprised that we have difficulty finding a place for conscious experience within a model essentially designed to leave out conscious experience? From this perspective, the puzzle is a reminder of the limitations of even our most successful models, and pushes us to take the next steps in expanding the models to be more inclusive of the aspects of our experience that have been omitted so far. Following the insight of Kenneth Craik, we need to move toward extending our theory to be as wide as reality and guard against letting our “perception of reality become as narrow as [our] theory.” (Craik, 1943)
The situation is captured well by Alexandre Koyre’s description of the Newtonian synthesis in the history of physics:
I have been saying that modern science broke down the barriers that separated the heavens and the earth, and thus it unified the universe. And this is true. But, as I have said, too, it did this by substituting for our world of quality and sense perception, the world in which we live, and love, and die, another world—a world of quantity, of reified geometry, a world in which, though there is a place for everything, there is no place for man. Thus the world of science—the real world—became estranged and utterly divorced from the world of life, which science has been unable to explain—not even to explain away by calling it ‘subjective’. This is the tragedy of the modern mind which ‘solved the riddle of the universe’ but only to replace it by another riddle: the riddle of itself. (Koyre, 1967)
The conclusion is that the hard problem of explaining conscious experience is largely a puzzle of our own creation. Pointing this out does not make the problem any less real. Rather, it serves to highlight that the origin of the problem lies within our process of model-making, and directs us toward better understanding this process and the limitations of any particular model in order to seek a solution.
An Analogy to Highlight the Essence of the Problem
A loose analogy may help clarify the essence of my point. The analogy is simplistic to the point of perhaps seeming ridiculous. But such oversimplification serves to make the origin of the paradox clearly visible in the much more subtle case of consciousness.
Imagine watching a busy city street from the balcony of a high rise apartment. More is happening than you could ever hold in your awareness all at once, but as you watch, patterns begin to emerge: the flow of people and cars, the structure of the streets and buildings, etc. With a pencil and sketch pad you could capture some of this order by drawing black and white stick figure “snapshots” of the scene (for example, locations of people) at different times, say at thirty minute intervals. This set of sketches would constitute a model that captured certain features of the happenings in the city: locations and relationships and a sense of the movement. But clearly the sketches also omit some features of the scene, such as color, sound, and what happens in between snapshots.
Now imagine getting immersed in thinking about your model of the city street—the black and white sketches. You could refine the sketches to show more detail, and learn to make predictions (e.g. every day at 5 p.m. a flood of people emerges from a particular building). You might get lost in the power of the model to the point that you took it to be reality—thinking that your sketches in some sense capture everything real there is to know about the city street.
But this situation would leave you with a nagging problem visible upon deeper reflection—a problem we might refer to as “the hard problem of color.” Namely, even though your model would explain or predict most features of the city street you could articulate (when people emerge from buildings, the flow created by traffic lights, etc.) it would not explain this “extra” experience of the real world, namely, seeing color. As with a reductionist response to the hard problem of consciousness, you might be able to explain this problem away. After all, is color really necessary to explain anything that you would seek to explain with your model? Yet something still seems wrong—it’s such an obvious fact of real experience that seems to have no analog in the model.
Of course, from an outside perspective in this analogy, the solution is obvious. Color is a part of the underlying reality that is omitted from our model, and will never emerge from our model no matter how we contort it. The hard problem of conscious can be resolved in a similar manner.
The analogy helps clarify that the question, “How can subjective experience arise from a physical brain process?” is really improperly stated. It’s loosely analogous to asking, “How does color arise from black and white pencil sketches?” There we can clearly see that the point is the color does not arise from the black and white pencil sketches (even though the pencil sketches and the color aspects of the scene both arise from the same real, underlying scene itself, so in this sense they are linked). Similarly, what we should be noting more accurately about brain processes and conscious experience is that the same underlying unfolding of reality that gives rise to the phenomena we model as physical brain processes, also give rise to the subjective experience of consciousness.
How Does this Fit within Physics?
One might argue that progress in physics has made this whole discussion irrelevant. After all, if a microscopic physical description of the world is causally complete, then there is no room for anything more. It’s all well and good to say that there is “more to the world” than can be described by our physical model. But if in fact everything we observe can be accurately described by the physical model, then practically speaking there is not more to the world.
Our color analogy helps reveal a sleight of hand at the heart of this argument. If one is allowed to filter what constitutes an observation of reality to include only the functional properties, then of course one will find nothing that cannot be explained by a model which is designed to describe only the functional properties. (I assume here for simplicity that the model is complete within its domain of applicability.) This is precisely the danger Craik warned of in commenting that “instead of [our] theory being as wide as reality, [our] perception of reality may become as narrow as [our] theory.” (1943) In the analogy from the previous section: if we are allowed to rule out “color” as a true observable part of reality (perhaps labeling it an “illusion” in some way), then we can convince ourselves that our black and white sketches capture all there is to know.
What’s more, even within physics it’s becoming clear that there is more going on than is captured by a naive mental image of the physical world (so-called “naive realism” or more precisely, “Cartesian representational realism”). This is perhaps most apparent in the foundations of quantum mechanics, where experimental results force upon us the realization that the rules and restrictions on observable states can be stored in what might be called more flexible ways than we generally assume when naively picturing physical reality.
Conclusion
The hard problem of consciousness is a puzzle created by taking too seriously a powerful but limited model of reality. Most of the time it’s valuable as a scientist to be completely immersed in a model, as if it were reality, to follow its leads and draw new conclusions and predictions. It’s useful to take a model very seriously and see how far it will take us.
But when we encounter a paradox that is caused specifically by our unjustifiably equating a model with reality, we need to step back and remember the limitations of the model. A clear awareness that the hard problem is just such a situation helps get our thinking unstuck. We won’t be able to solve the problem from within that model, any more than we can find color in black and white sketches. Once we recognize this, the way is opened for an expansion of our models and a deeper glimpse of the underlying reality that any model describes only incompletely.
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This article was adapted from an article originally appearing on metanexus.net.
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